As summer draws to a close and fall draws near, many producers are preparing for vaccination time. Even as we enter the fall the risk of heat stress remains for both cattle and humans. Temperature and timing of processing are important considerations when planning work days. Although the morning temperatures may seem cool, it is important to look at the forecast to see if temperatures pose a risk to human and animal health.
When handling vaccines, they should be stored between 35-45°F from the time of purchase until the time of use. Monitoring the temperatures of the refrigerator used to store all vaccines is a necessity. Vaccines outside of a refrigerator should be kept in a cooler at this temperature range and protected ultraviolet rays of the sun even chute side. Maintaining the recommended temperature in the field may be accomplished by purchasing a ready-made syringe cooler, or building one as outlined in the Oklahoma State University Extension factsheet AFS-3300. More information about vaccine handling and use can be found in the OSU factsheet VTMD-9100.
Before transporting or handling cattle, it is important to consult a weather resource such as the Oklahoma Mesonet Cattle Comfort Advisor. The Mesonet Cattle Comfort Advisor provides an estimate of cattle comfort based on data from the Oklahoma Mesonet and forecasts from the National Weather Service. Stress levels are calculated using a formula developed by animal scientists affiliated with the University of Nebraska. This tool can be utilized throughout the year and found at mesonet.org.
Stress impacts the body’s ability to respond appropriately to immune challenges. The immune system requires proper hydration and energy to function at its best. Issues that may impact response to vaccines are dehydration and lack of available energy. Keeping cattle adequately fed and watered leading up to and following processing day helps ensure the immune system is ready to respond to vaccines as expected.
Consider these points when vaccinating in the heat:
- Consult with a veterinarian on a vaccine protocol
- Ensure facilities are in good working order
- Train personnel on processing expectations
- Gather cattle prior to processing day
- Follow Beef Quality Assurance guidelines
- Process cattle as early in the morning as possible
- Keep cattle stress low before, during, and after processing
- House cattle in areas with shade and excellent airflow
- Provide access to water and nutritional resources before and after vaccination
The preparation work that goes into vaccinating cattle requires attention to details outside those under producer control. With the rising cost of cattle supplies, especially vaccines, making sure animals are receiving the vaccine in its intended state sets the stage for their immune system to be more efficient when they are faced with a disease challenge. A healthy breeding herd and thriving calves at any stage of production are valuable so care in vaccination is essential.
